The second African American to earn a PhD in physics, Imes’ work in infrared spectroscopy pinpointed the distances between atoms in molecules and helped verify quantum theory...
Germain’s lifetime of contributions to mathematics ranged from elasticity theory to a new approach to Fermat’s Last Theorem––but as a woman, she had been barred from studying at the École Polytechnique...
Noether was recognized as one of the most important mathematicians of her time, but, as a Jewish woman, the Nazi’s rise to power forced her from her (already precarious) university position in Germany...
A brilliant experimentalist, Just illuminated the complex biology of fertilization and development. As a black man, he faced difficulty obtaining a research appointment at an American university...
As a poor woman, Anning was barred from full participation in science in 19th c. Britain. Nevertheless, her paleontological discoveries––including the first plesiosaur...
