20th c.

Ether

Plate tectonics

Greenhouse effect and global warming

The age of the earth

Avogadro's number

Katherine Johnson, computer for NASA

Johnson was part of a group of African American women mathematicians who worked as “computers” during the early days of NASA...

Elmer Imes and infrared spectroscopy

The second African American to earn a PhD in physics, Imes’ work in infrared spectroscopy pinpointed the distances between atoms in molecules and helped verify quantum theory...

Mary Agnes Chase, feminist and botanist

Ynes Mexia, plant explorer

Mexia found her calling late in life, but her contributions to botany are impressive...

Carlos Finlay and the Yellow Fever vector

Cuban Doctor Carlos Finlay successfully identified mosquitos as the vector for the transmission of deadly Yellow Fever...