20th c.

Emmy Noether and a revolution in algebra

Noether was recognized as one of the most important mathematicians of her time, but, as a Jewish woman, the Nazi’s rise to power forced her from her (already precarious) university position in Germany...

Percy Lavon Julian and synthetic chemistry

The grandson of slaves, Julian fought against a racist society to become a leading American chemist...

Chien-Shiung Wu and nuclear physics

Chien-Shiung Wu was a Chinese immigrant to the United States who participated in the Manhattan Project. She made major contributions to subatomic physicis...

Ernest Everett Just and cell biology

A brilliant experimentalist, Just illuminated the complex biology of fertilization and development. As a black man, he faced difficulty obtaining a research appointment at an American university...

William Claytor and racial politics in mathematics

In 1933, as the 3rd African-American to earn a PhD in Mathematics, William Claytor seemed poised to embark on a productive career in research mathematics...

...