Europe

The nature of fossils

Greenhouse effect and global warming

The age of the earth

Phlogiston vs. oxygen theory

Chemical periodicity and the periodic table

Avogadro's number

Lubna of Córdoba, scholar

Little is known about Lubna (or Labana) of Córdoba, but the fragmentary sources historians do have illuminate the forgotten role of Muslim women in mathematics and science...

Sophie Germain, pioneer in elasticity and number theory

Germain’s lifetime of contributions to mathematics ranged from elasticity theory to a new approach to Fermat’s Last Theorem––but as a woman, she had been barred from studying at the École Polytechnique...

Emmy Noether and a revolution in algebra

Noether was recognized as one of the most important mathematicians of her time, but, as a Jewish woman, the Nazi’s rise to power forced her from her (already precarious) university position in Germany...

Maria Sibylla Merian and butterfly metamorphosis

Although long portrayed as merely an illustrator, Merian’s close observation of the ecology and life cycles of insects influenced later naturalists...