Europe

Ernest Everett Just and cell biology

A brilliant experimentalist, Just illuminated the complex biology of fertilization and development. As a black man, he faced difficulty obtaining a research appointment at an American university...

Mary Anning and her fossils

As a poor woman, Anning was barred from full participation in science in 19th c. Britain. Nevertheless, her paleontological discoveries––including the first plesiosaur...

Ada Lovelace and the first computer program

Lovelace has been dubbed the "first computer programmer." Defying expectations for women during her era...